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Author: The Balance
Defining an “early retirement” might seem subjective, but there are a few specific ages that government agencies use to give financial planners guidelines. One common definition of an early retirement age is any earlier than 65—that’s when Medicare benefits kick in.1
It isn’t just the lack of Medicare benefits that early retirees have to plan for. Here are some of the milestone ages for retirees, along with some ways for early retirees to work around them.
Early Retirement Comes With Challenges
There’s a reason most people continue to work until traditional retirement ages, and it isn’t because they love their jobs. Retiring early comes with serious financial challenges.
The primary challenge is ensuring that you have enough assets to provide an acceptable level of income throughout your remaining years. The average lifespan in the U.S. is just under 79 years.2 For someone who retires at 55, that means they need to save up at least 24 years’ worth of income. Healthier individuals who plan on living beyond the age of 79 will need to save up even more.
On the other hand, if you work until you reach age 70, your savings will only need to provide for a much shorter time frame.
How Medicare Affects Early Retirement
As mentioned above, Medicare benefits start when you turn 65.1 To be exact, benefits kick in on the first day of the month in which you turn 65. Retiring earlier than that is considered early retirement, and you will need to make other plans to secure adequate health insurance coverage until your Medicare coverage begins. As a retiree, you likely won’t have health care coverage options through an employer, but you can access plans through the health exchange marketplace.
How Social Security Affects Early Retirement
The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses your birth year to determine what it calls your “full retirement age.”3
In other words, the definition of early retirement depends on when you were born.
SSA refers to the standard retirement age as “full retirement age,” because that is the age at which you receive your full amount of benefits. The benefits will be reduced by a certain percentage, depending on how early you begin taking your benefits. You can retire earlier, but you will receive a reduced benefit. The earliest you can receive any amount is 62, no matter your birth year.
On the other hand, you can delay receiving Social Security benefits—even after you’ve retired—and receive enhanced benefits.4 You can continue to enhance your benefits by delaying Social Security until age 70 (delaying beyond age 70 won’t enhance your benefits). As with benefit reductions, the amount your delayed benefits will increase depends on your birth year.
To delay your Social Security benefits, you would need to use your own assets for income in the meantime. With careful planning, this strategy can get you substantially more lifetime income than taking benefits early.
401(k) Early Retirement Provisions
A common retirement planning tool is a 401(k) plan. Funds held in these plans usually become available once the account holder becomes 59 1/2, and early withdrawals are often subject to a 10% penalty tax.5 However, there are exceptions to the penalty tax, and many account holders may be able to access funds as early as age 55 without paying an early-withdrawal penalty tax. That only works if you leave your employer in the same year you turned 55 (or later).
Early Retirement for Military and Civil Service
Early retirement at age 55 or younger is more common among people who began military or civil service at an early age. This includes police officers and firefighters. Pension plans for these employees typically allow workers to retire with full pension payments before the age of 65. For example, the Civil Service Retirement System allows all workers to retire with full pension benefits at 62, or at 55 under qualifying circumstances.6 Air traffic controllers can retire after 25 years of service, no matter their age.
In addition, the rule that allows qualifying workers to draw on 401(k) funds at age 55 is even more forgiving for some government employees. People who work in public safety, customs and border protection, federal firefighting, and air traffic control may be eligible for penalty-free withdrawals from their 401(k) plans at age 50.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What age is considered early retirement for women?
When can I apply for Social Security if my full retirement age is 66?
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